12 Exciting New Magic CSS3 Selectors You Need To Know In 2018

Here is a list of 12 CSS3 selectors you need to know in 2018. These simple, yet useful CSS3 selectors will save you time when designing for the web and ultimately make your life easier.

First, we will start out with interval and multiplier selections.

#1 :first-of-type – CSS3 Selectors You Need to Know in 2018

CSS3 introduced the incredibly useful :first-of-type selector. In the case you ever wanted to select the first paragraph of a block of text, you’ll know what I mean. Of course you could also use p:first-child but where’s the fun in that?

For example:

#contents > p:first-of-type {
  border-left: solid #000 3px;
  padding-left: 15px;
}

#2 :only-child and :only-of-type – CSS3 Selectors You Need to Know in 2018

:only-child is one of the CSS3 selectors you need to know if you want to make single elements really stand out. For instance, if you have a container holding only one paragraph and you want it to have a larger font to show importance. This would be the pseudo selector you want to use in that case.

Both :only-child and :only-of-type will check for if the target element has only one child of a specific element, class or ID. However, :only-of-type will work when there are more than a single type of element inside a container.

To illustrate:

#contents > p:only-child {
  font-size: 3em;
}

#3 :nth-child – CSS3 Selectors You Need to Know in 2018

Family Guy's Peter Griffin pulling blind curtains

:nth-child makes it easy to iterate through X amount of elements. If you wanted to make every other paragraph styled differently, use :nth-child(2n). There are other methods of selection using :nth-child, such as :nth-child(n+2) or :nth-child(n-2). :nth-child(n+2) would select all elements after the first.

:nth-child(n-2) would select all elements until the last. :nth-child(-n+1) or :first-child would select the first element, whereas :nth-last-child(1) or :last-child would select the last element. See more examples of the nth-child selector at CSS-Tricks.

It may take some playing around with these selectors until you finally get them down. However, these selectors are a great time saver and therefore one of the most important CSS3 selectors you need to know.

For instance:

#contents > p:nth-child(2n) {
  background-color: #EEE;
}

#4 background-size – CSS3 Selectors You Need to Know in 2018

CSS3 introduced the background-size property to allow for an easier method to make images responsive to their containers. I found that in most cases, “background-size: cover” works exceptionally well in responsive design. Here is a list of other possible background-size values introduced in CSS3.

  • Cover: Scales the image as large as possible and maintains image aspect ratio (image doesn’t get squished). Images will expand to cover the entire container.
  • Contain: Scales the image as large as possible and maintains image aspect ratio (image doesn’t get squished). However, the image is letter-boxed within the container.

For example:

#banner {
  background-image: url('http://unsplash.it/1000/350');
  height: 250px;
  width: 100%;
}

#5 box-shadow Property – CSS3 Selectors You Need to Know in 2018

box-shadow is a great addition to the style of elements in CSS. By simply adding the box-shadow property you can create all sorts of cool effects. Using box-shadow, you could easily add a hover effect to an element or add an inset to give the appearance of depth.

For example:

#contents {
  box-shadow: 0 1px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.35);
}

box-shadow uses 4 arguments to define the position of the shadow and the blur amount. That first argument “0” represents the X-offset, the second argument “1px” represents the Y-offset, the third argument “10px”represents the blur amount and the last argument is the defined color for the shadow.

It’s a great effect, even Google’s taken a liking to using box-shadow in their material design.

Google's material design animation using CSS3 selectors you need to know

#6 text-shadow Property – CSS3 Selectors You Need to Know in 2018

Text shadow isn’t too useful in normal web design practice. However, it is one of the CSS3 selectors you need to know just in case. A great example of a use case and the text-shadow CSS property is when you have light text on a light background. By using a dark text shadow, the text will still remain legible due to the outline.

Another cool use is of text-shadow is to create a blurred text effect or colored text outline effect.

For instance:

#contents {
  text-shadow: 1px 0 1px #000;
}

As has been noted, text-shadow follows the same argument format as box-shadow. In both cases, the spread does not have to be defined. For the same reason, you could simple define the X and Y-offset and a color.

#7 RGBA Colors – CSS3 Selectors You Need to Know in 2018

In CSS3 we now have the ability to have alpha transparency in colors. Thus, using RGBA you can have text colors that blend in better with the background color of the parent element. In addition, background colors can also easily be blended into the parent’s background color using the RGBA alpha channel. What’s more, RGBA colors can also be used with border and outline colors as well.

For example:

#contents {
  color: rgba(0,0,0,0.85);
}

In fact, when following Google’s material design approach, they recommend using a text color that is about 85% darker or lighter than the content’s background (depending on light or darkness). This color recommendation makes reading content easier on your eyes. Using RGBA in the text color like the above example, makes this task easier to accomplish.

#8 ::before and ::after – CSS3 Selectors You Need to Know in 2018

CSS3 added support for pseudo classes, in addition to pseudo-elements established in CSS2. However, because some browsers don’t support the ::before and ::after pseudo-class notation yet it’s best to use the pseudo-element variant. Moreover, all elements contain a reserved portion of space before and after an element’s display. :before and :after give the ability to target those areas.

For instance, say you wanted to add some text to the end of every paragraph or heading – Simply target the :after pseudo-element and use the CSS content property to write out the text.Ffor instance:

#contents > h1:after {
  content: " - sitename.com";
}

In the example above, you can see how easy it is to include your website name in the content of every H1 title of your content.

On the other hand, one caveat to the CSS content property, is it does not allow any HTML.

#9 CSS Attribute Selectors – CSS3 Selectors You Need to Know in 2018

It is now possible to design based on element attributes. First, simply place an attribute in square brackets after an element tag, class or ID. Further, combine it with :before and :after to extend the selector even more.

For example:

#content a[href^='https://']:after {
  content: ' (secure link)';
}

As a result, this will append a string of ” (secure link)” to all links that begin with “https://” — notifying visitors that the link is an external link leading to a secure connection site.

#10 Transform Property – CSS3 Selectors You Need to Know in 2018

a transform effect of a blue rectangle rotating clockwise using CSS3 selectors you need to know

CSS transforms allow movements in the X and/ or Y axis. In any case, a great use case of CSS transforms is triggered animation for an on click or hover event. Hover.css has a great showcase of all the different effects possible using the CSS transform property.

As I have noted, here are some popular functions for the CSS3 transform property:

  • translateX()
  • translateY()
  • scale()
  • skew()

Further, see the full list of available CSS transform values at MDN Web Docs.

#contents button {
  transform: rotate(5deg);
}

#11 transition property – CSS3 Selectors You Need to Know in 2018

Out of all CSS3 selectors you need to know, transitions will become your best friend when creating animated elements. Summing up, CSS transition controls the speed of which your animation plays from start to finish and it’s one of the easiest selectors to remember.

CSS3 transitions require the property, followed by the value of speed in seconds.

For example:

#contents button {
  transition: background 0.2s;
}

In addition to CSS3 transitions, there exists the transition-timing-function property. In brief, values for transition-timing-function include:

  • linear
  • ease
  • ease-in
  • ease-out
  • ease-in-out

In this case:

#contents button {
  transition: background 0.2s, color 0.2s;
}

Another way of including a transition-timing-function with your CSS3 transition can be accomplished by placing the transition-timing-function value after the targeted property value.

Note: Add more than one property to transitions by separating them with commas.

In another case:

#contents button {
  transition: background 0.2s ease, color 0.2s ease-in;
}

#12 :empty – CSS3 Selectors You Need to Know in 2018

:empty introduced an easy way to style elements that have no content in CSS. In most cases, it would be more efficient to use client side or server side logic to avoid rendering the element altogether. However, in the rare case you cannot :empty is a great fallback.

To illustrate:

#contents p:empty {
  display: none;
}

#13 :not – CSS3 Selectors You Need to Know in 2018

Without a doubt, the :not selector is truly in a league of its own. First, the CSS3 :not selector finally gave us a way to target the element, class and ID exceptions. For instance, say you had a content area with elements which were mostly given a “success” class. Due to this, the base text color may have been set to green. Now, you can target other elements that were not given that class and change the text to red in response to an error.

For example:

#contents > :not(.success) {
  color: red;
}

To take it further, this could be extended with the attribute selectors. For instance, if you had a bunch of class names that may have started with “col-“.

In this case:

:not[class*='col-'] {
  background-color: #FFF;
}

This will give all elements that don’t contain a class starting with “col-” a white background.

5 Minute Guide to Learning Flexbox (Why You Should Stop Using Floats)

Flexbox Basics

Flexbox (or Flexible Box Layout Module) was designed to give web designers an easier way to build their html layouts. Here I will give you basic flexbox layout examples to learn from and build off. Learn the differences between flexbox vs grid.

This is not a complete guide to flexbox, but in this article I will teach you the properties you must know.

In addition, I wrote an article on the 12 Exciting New Magic CSS3 Selectors You Need To Know In 2017 you may also find useful.

As you may already know, before flexbox, web designers relied heavily on floating divs with percentage widths to achieve their desired layout – as explained in this Tutsplus article.

Flexbox Container

First, in order to declare an element as flexbox, add “display: flex” to its properties.

#container {
display: flex;
}

align-items

Second, in the container, define how you want the children to align using the “align-items” selector.

#container {
align-items: flex-start | flex-end | center | stretch | baseline;
display: flex;
}

Here are visual representations of the different align-item values:

visual display of flexbox align-items flex-start value

visual display of flexbox align-items flex-end value

visual display of flexbox align-items center value
align-items: center will keep each child centered vertically throughout the row of columns.

visual display of flexbox align-items stretch value
align-items: stretch will stretch each child to the container’s height. Stretch is the initial value for align-items.

visual display of flexbox align-items baseline value
align-items: baseline sets the children to align themselves to keep the start of the content aligned together at the top.

Play around with these settings in this flexbox playground I setup for you. Also, be sure to change the container’s align-items value to one of the values shown above. To do this, click on the “Edit on Codepen” link in the upper-right hand corner of the preview box below.

See the Pen Flexbox Item Align Example by Thomas Hare (@tommyhare) on CodePen.0

See more details about align-items at the Mozilla Developer docs.
Also: Traditional uses of float, clear and vertical-align don’t have affect on flex items.

align-self

Now, when you need custom alignment on a specific child in a container, use align-self. Align-self will overwrite the container’s  align-item value on the specific child.

#container > #child-3 {
align-self: flex-start | flex-end | center | stretch | baseline;
}

See more information about align-self at the Mozilla Developer docs.

justify-content

Keep in mind, you may need to bookmark this page to refer back to these values. Provided that, it can be daunting to try and remember these values.

Luckily the distributed alignment values below are the most common used.

Distributed alignment values:

#container {
justify-content: space-between | space-around | space-evenly | stretch;
}
  • flexbox space-between items will give you an even spacing between elements in your container.
  • space-around will give you even spacing around elements in your container, including space around the container’s left and right sides.
  • space-evenly items are evenly distributed in the container, giving the exactly same space between elements.
  • stretch items stretch to keep equal height children inside the container.

Positional alignment values:

#container {
justify-content: center | start | end | flex-start | flex-end | left | right;
}

Baseline alignment values:

#container {
justify-content: baseline | first baseline | last baseline;
}

Read more about justify-content at the Mozilla Developer docs.

Benefits to Using Flexbox

A major benefit to using it is for easy alignment. Notably, it takes the guess work out of element positioning.

Look:

Take this type of flexbox layout example
display of the structure of sidebar and content

You can create this layout with the code below.

Here is the HTML:

<div id="container">

<div id="header"></div>

<div id="article">
<div class="content"></div>
<div class="footer"></div>
</div>

<div id="sidebar"></div>

<div id="footer"></div>

</div>

…and the CSS

body {
padding: 10px;
}

#container {
display: flex;
flex-wrap: wrap;
}
#container > div {
margin: 10px;
}

#header {
background-color: #3F4CFF;
height: 80px;
width: 100%;
}

#article {
width: 68%;
}
#article > .content {
height: 400px;
background-color: #3F4CFF;
}
#article > .footer {
background-color: #3F4CFF;
height: 60px;
margin-top: 10px;
}
#sidebar {
background-color: #3F4CFF;
flex: 1;
width: 35%;
}

#footer {
background-color: #3F4CFF;
height: 80px;
width: 100%;
}

The output of this should resemble this:

See the Pen Flexbox Item Align Example by Thomas Hare (@tommyhare) on CodePen.1

Because this is a newer web technology, it may or may not render correctly in your browser. See if your browser supports Flexbox.

As of December 2017, Mozilla Firefox and Google Chrome are the two major browsers to support the CSS Flexible Box Layout Module.

What’s the benefit?

Because I am using flexbox, the sidebar width and height do not need to be set.

Both height and width of the sidebar scale with the main content.

Before, by using the CSS float method, this wasn’t possible and it was a pain to get the sidebar to match the main content’s height.

For example:

Say you had a larger sidebar and a page with a small amount of content, the page would end up looking something like this:
display of the structure of sidebar and content

Flexbox VS Grid

To begin with, the CSS grid was first introduced as a W3C Working Draft on November 6, 2012. Now, nearly 10 years later it’s classified as Candidate Recommendation since 

Further, checking on caniuse CSS grid layout, it’s supported by mainly Mozilla Firefox and Google Chrome.

One of the main differences with CSS grid is the ability to map out both columns and rows. In the same fashion, create a grid display by adding “display: grid” to the container element’s CSS.

Like this:

#container {
display: grid;
}

Here’s an example of what CSS grid layouts have the ability to build. Notice, there are both rows and columns.
CSS grids will give you more control over your content layout.
Example of flexbox vs grid layout - demonstrating rows and columns

Basic CSS Grid Attributes

  • CSS grid template rows will define height of rows.
    Example: grid-template-rows: 100px auto 100px;
  • CSS grid template columns will define width of columns.
    Example: grid-template-columns: 200px 100px 200px;
  • grid row gap will give you spacing between rows.
    Example: grid-row-gap: 25px;
  • grid column gap will give spacing between your columns.
    Example: grid-column-gap: 10px;
  • grid gap will set both row and column gaps.
    Example: grid-gap: 15px;

Here:

This is a visual representation of what grid-column-row and grid-column-gap affect in a grid display.
CSS grid grid-column-gap and grid-row-gap reference graphic

If you would rather just declare one same CSS grid gap for both columns and rows, you would use the grid-gap attribute instead.

Grid Item Alignments

justify-items

This selector will give you the ability to align your content horizontally inside your container’s cells.
a visual representation of how the CS grid justify-items selector works

#container {
display: grid;
justify-items: start | end | center | stretch;
}

align-items

Much like justify-items, this selector will give you the ability to align your content. However, rather than aligning your content horizontally, you are now aligning vertically. Much the same, the terms for alignment work in the same manner, just vertically.
a visual representation of how the CSS grid align-items selector works

#container {
align-items: start | end | center | stretch;
}

Building Layouts With CSS Grid

A simple 3 column grid’s CSS would look something like this: This will create column widths of 25% – 50% – 25%.

#container {
display: grid;
grid-template-columns: 25% 50% 25%;
grid-gap: 10px;
}

#container > div {
background-color: #444;
color: #FFF;
}

This CSS grid code will give you a layout like this:
a visualization of the CSS grid template columns attribute

Summing Up:

Flexbox was created to make layout design easier for web designers. Along with, lots of CSS frameworks like Bootstrap V4 are beginning to adapt it.

With that being said, it’s a valuable skill for you to learn.

Use this article to develop a quick understanding of how it works and how to design layouts using flexbox. Equally important, you will learn the difference between it and the CSS grid layout – find out basic use cases for each in your projects.

Leave a comment on your thoughts about the direction of Flexbox. Do you believe other browsers will adopt flexbox or phase it out in favor of the more precise CSS grid?

Using Stylus to Build a Web Framework Like Bootstrap and Foundation

What is Stylus?

To begin with, Stylus is a CSS preprocessor like SASS or LESS with much of the same basic functionality. However, using Stylus offers a cleaner – easier to read and understand syntax.

To begin with, I believe the best way of learning, is through building. Which is why I will be walking you through the process of building a simple CSS grid framework using Stylus to generate it.


History of CSS Web Framework Design

In the past, we built CSS frameworks using lots of copy and pasting of much of the same code with slight variations. Without a doubt, this made updating and managing the frameworks repetitive and time consuming.

However, now with CSS preprocessors and the help of automation tools like NPM, Gulp and Grunt we can automate the process and rebuild them within seconds.

Blueprint (The First Web Framework)

To begin with, Blueprint was created by Olav Bjørkøy and released on August 3, 2007. Blueprint includes a 24 column “span” grid layout. Blueprint didn’t support mobile displays by default.

YAML and Cascade CSS Framework Soon Followed Behind

Comparatively, Cascade was one of the first CSS web frameworks to support responsive design. However, it required multiple different CSS files which increased page load time.


A sketch of a CSS web framework like Bootstrap.

Popularity of Bootstrap and Grid Frameworks

Grid frameworks allow designers to easily layout content on web pages. In addition, grids can be resized depending on different screen sizes with the use of media queries introduced in CSS3.

Media Queries and Grid Frameworks

As you may know, Bootstrap CSS framework offers classes ranging from “col-xs-X” to “col-xl-X”. (X representing the column size.) By way of example, these column names start with “xs” and “xl” to dictate extra-small and extra-large screen sizes.

But why use these class names?
By using these descriptive class names you can easily dictate the width of elements for all different device sizes.

How to Use Stylus to Build a Grid Based Web Framework Like Bootstrap or Foundation

Creating a Basic CSS Grid Framework Using Stylus

In order to create a CSS grid using Stylus, you must first understand how the Stylus for statement works. By way of example, here’s how you would build a basic grid using the Stylus the “for” statement. Granted, due to this being just a basic grid, there is no support for responsive column sizes just yet.

//Default grid settings
columns = 12
gutter = 15px

//Set all elements to border-box
*, *:before, *:after
box-sizing: border-box

.container
float: left
padding: 0 gutter
width: 100%

.row
float: left
margin-left: -+gutter
margin-right: -+gutter
width: 'calc(%s + %s)' % (100% gutter*2)

[class^='col-'], [class*=' col-']
border: solid rgba(0,0,0,0.15) 1px
float: left
padding-left: gutter
padding-right: gutter

for i in (1..columns) {
.col-{i} {
col-width = 100%/(12/i)
width: col-width
}
}

This type of CSS grid utilizes a row to negate the left padding of the first column and right padding of the last column. Coupled with, the [class*=col-] part of this is saying all class names that begin with “col-“ will be affected with the internal styles.

We’re ensuring the box-sizing is set to border-box to keep the border, margin and padding within the inside of the columns. Float is necessary to keep elements in a row to fill the 12 column space. I set padding on the left and right of columns to the gutter-size. It’s important to keep these values matching the negative margin set in the .row class.

As for the “for i in (1..columns)” part… this is saying for every iteration from 1 until the defined column count (12), create that new column size.

sparking blue electricity traveling through a maze

A Deeper Understanding of the Stylus For Loop

In the for statement near the bottom, we have a loop running from 1 to 12 as dictated by the “(1..12)” part. Equally important, there is a class using that iteration “i” for the column size “.col-{i}” – Which will be cycled through from 1 to 12 as “col-1” to “col-12” representing each column’s width.

Stylus allows for variables and logic, so we create a variable called “col-width” to equal the fraction of the 100% total each column should be. Being that, we simply set the width to that variable’s value.


Building a Responsive CSS Grid Framework Using Stylus

Furthermore, now that we have a basic understanding of how a CSS grid is built, we can move on to advanced grid development.

As you may know already, Bootstrap uses: col-sm-, col-md- and col-lg- class prefixes to control column sizes across devices.

col-sm-(size) will be set to the column size specified as long as the screen size is above 768px.
col—md-(size) will be set to the column size as long as the screen size is above 992px.
col—lg-(size) will be set to the column size as long as the screen size is above 1200px.

A sketch of a CSS framework like Bootstrap on paper.

Building Media Queries for Responsive Column Sizing

For instance, this is the foundation of any mobile responsive CSS framework – Media Queries. By the same token, this code can be added to the basic framework code to give a fully functional CSS framework much like Bootstrap.

//Setup screen sizes
screen-sizes = (sm md lg)
sm-min-size = 768px
md-min-size = 992px
lg-min-size = 1200px

//Cycle through screen sizes
for screen-size in screen-sizes
@media screen and (min-width: screen-size+'-min-size')
for i in (1..columns) {
.col-{screen-size}-{i} {
col-width = 100%/(12/i)
width: col-width
}
}

In addition to cycling through column sizes, we are now cycling through the screen-sizes as well. Nonetheless, this will be the basis of our responsive media queries.

A boy staring at a pin board full of notes, graphs and sketches.
This can be tricky to understand, but it makes adding screen sizes to your framework easier than ever. For every screen-size array value, simply add the same screen size value + “-min-size”.

In addition, each media query is using the screen-name array value to retrieve the defined {screen-size}-min-size value.

Building CSS Stylesheets From Stylus Using Gulp

If you are a beginner in Gulp and using NPM packages, I recommend first reading Automate Your Tasks Easily With Gulp and Gulp for Beginners. These two articles will give you the basic understanding of the technology to follow through this next section.

Installing the Necessary Gulp Plugins

npm init will generate our package.json file.
On a mac or Linux machine, simply open up a terminal and change directory to your working folder. Then, paste npm i -S gulp-stylus gulp-postcss gulp-autoprefixer gulp-sourcemaps to install all necessary Gulp plugins.

Setting Up the Gulp File for Automation

'use strict';

let gulp = require('gulp');
let stylus = require('gulp-stylus');
let postcss = require('gulp-postcss');
let autoprefixer = require('autoprefixer');
let sourcemaps = require('gulp-sourcemaps');

gulp.task('default', ['slate']);

gulp.task('slate', function () {
return gulp.src('./styl/slate.styl')
.pipe(sourcemaps.init())
.pipe(stylus())
.pipe(postcss([require('autoprefixer')]))
.pipe(sourcemaps.write('./'))
.pipe(gulp.dest('./css'));
});
What These Gulp Tasks Do:
  • pipe(sourcemaps.init()) is telling the Sourcemaps package to intiate.
  • pipe(stylus()) will convert the target styl file to a CSS file. Read more about gulp-stylus.
  • pipe(postcss([require('autoprefixer')])) is responsible for adding piping other CSS generating Gulp plugins to a single CSS file. Notice, the autoprefixer plugin is piped through. Specifically, this plugin simplifies the process of adding the ‘-moz-‘ and ‘-webkit-‘ prefix to stylesheet attributes. Read more about gulp-postcss.
  • pipe(sourcemaps.write('./')) is telling the Sourcemaps package to create a source map for the stylesheet. Consequently, since we are compiling stylus files to CSS there is no way for us to find the error in our code easily using a browser inspector. For this reason, Sourcemaps builds a link to the styl files and instead pinpoints the line of code in the styl file when inspecting instead. Read more about gulp-sourcemaps.
  • pipe(gulp.dest('./css')) is telling Gulp where to place the compiled CSS file. In this case, we are placing the stylesheet in a folder called “css”.

How to Begin Using Our New CSS Framework

Just like linking to the Bootstrap CSS file, we will link to the outputted CSS file saved in the “css” folder. Further, using our generated class names like “col-xs-12 col-md-6” we can begin creating our mobile responsive columns.

Now that you have a basic understanding of how CSS frameworks are made and how to start using Stylus, you can begin adding new features. Make your new framework as simple or advanced as you’d like!

Most importantly, share your new creation so that other web designers may use it and have fun


Feel free to leave a comment and share this article with your friends so that they can learn how to start using Stylus to build their very own CSS framework too!

Responsive Design | Why Does My Website Need To Be Responsive?

Responsive design creates a seamless flow for different device screen sizes.

Why Do We Need Responsive Design Now?

Lineup of different device screen sizes

In the past, web design was either built for desktop, laptop or phone screen displays. There was no easy way for websites to render screen-specific design instruction. However, in June 2012 media queries became a W3C standard after web browsers added support.


Each website would check for the device type and redirect to a mobile version such as “m.website.com”. Now, it’s easier than ever to write media queries in CSS to handle all different screens sizes. “CSS” — or Cascading Style Sheets are files that tell the web browser how to render a website. CSS media queries could be added at the end of the basic site style to give special directions for phones, tablets and small to large desktop/ laptop screens.

Mobile First Website Design

Mobile first web design allows web designers to future-proof design more efficiently. For example, there could be a page content width constraint of 1200 – 1400 pixels, with sections of content adding up to 100% (as seen in the above image). Using percents instead of pixels allows stretching of content to fit into the 1200 – 1400 pixel constraint.

Responsive design site content layout construction

An example of responsive design would be taking the above picture’s middle two sections and making them full width only on smaller screens, such as phones.


Mobile first is an important part of responsive design. It makes it easier to readjust the website components to fit larger screens than it is to shrink content to fit smaller screens.

Keep in mind the page constraint would be set using a “minimum width” media query. As long as the width of the page is set to 100% before the media query, the page should stretch the full device width until it hits 1200 – 1400 pixels.

Viewport And Responsive Design

In addition, the viewport meta tag assists with the display of a responsive design. This is very important because smaller displays require a greater zoom for legible text.

<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
Without the above line of code, a mobile responsive website may not render the proper font size on smaller displays.

Rest assured, Divto is the leader in responsive web design and conversion. Check out our mobile conversion service and feel free to contact us for any inquiries.

Web Form Design With Bootstrap

I will start this article by stating that using a framework is not always the solution to designing web forms. However, the Bootstrap css framework makes the process of building intuitive web form design simple. High conversion rates are mandatory on the web nowadays. Keep your web forms 100% responsive, short and simple with the help of the Bootstrap css framework.

Real world examples of web form design

Login Forms

A login form in Bootstrap is just an inline form with a few input groups inside. To create an inline form, we add the ‘form-inline’ class to the <form> tag.

Inside this form, each separate field will need to be declared inside a form group

Form groups usually contain a label and input field. However, you can place single items such as buttons inside a form group as well.

Below is an example layout of a horizontal web form.

form
  form-group
    label (Email)
    input
  form-group
    label (Password)
    input
  form-group
    button (Login)

Please excuse the pseudo-code…

Great web form design with Bootstrap is a breeze with the help of its simple to use form classes.

In order for Bootstrap to recognize each input as a form input, we must include the ‘form-control‘ class in each text field and button.

Most forms will have a submit button. These should have the ‘btn’ class added to them in order for Bootstrap to recognize them as form buttons. Additionally, they should contain a ‘btn-default‘ or ‘btn-primary‘ class to style your forms’ buttons according to either the default Bootstrap theme or a custom bootswatch.

Additonally, adding the ‘sr-only‘ class to any element will cause it to only be rendered for screen readers.

Example:

  <form class="inline-form">
    <label class="sr-only">Email</label>
    <input class="form-control" placeholder="Email" type="email">
  </form>

Vertical web form design with Bootstrap

Let us create a common registration form using Bootstrap’s column classes.

Below is an example layout of a vertical web form.

form
  form-group
    label (Email)
    input
  form-group
    label (Name)
    input
  form-group
    label (Password)
    input
  form-group
    button (Register)

As you can tell, it is created with the same layout as horizontal forms. However, you do not add the ‘inline-form’ class to the form tag. Simply create a form with labels, inputs and a submit button. Each of these fields will also go inside a div with the ‘form-group row‘ class.

However, in order for vertical forms to be displayed correctly we must declare the column sizes for the field elements.

Example:

<form>
<div class="form-group row">
  <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-4"><label class="for="name">Name *</label></div>
  <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8"><input class="form-control" id="name" placeholder="Your Name" type="text"></div>
</div>
<div class="form-group row">
  <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-4"><label for="email">Email *</label></div>
  <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8"><input class="form-control" id="email" placeholder="address@domain" type="email"></div>
</div>
<div class="form-group row">
  <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-4"><label for="password">Password *</label></div>
  <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8"><input class="form-control" id="password" placeholder="Password" type="password"></div>
</div>
<div class="form-group row">
  <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-offset-4"><input class="btn btn-success" type="submit" value="Register"></div>
</div>
</form>

Try using the Bootstrap css framework for your web forms. It has saved so many hours of my time in web form creation. Hopefully, I have inspired you to utilize it for your future web form designs.

Please leave a comment if you have any questions regarding Bootstrap web form creation. I will be happy to answer them when I get a chance!